MATT STRASSLER
Of Particular Significance

Tag: CosmologicalConstant

No, the Short Range of the Weak Nuclear Force Isn’t Due to Quantum Physics

When it comes to the weak nuclear force and why it is weak, there’s a strange story which floats around. It starts with a true but somewhat misleading statement:

  • The weak nuclear force (which is weak because its effects only extend over a short range) has its short range because the particles which mediate the force, the W and Z bosons, have mass [specifically, they have “rest mass”.] This is in contrast to electromagnetic forces which can reach out over great distances; that’s because photons, the particles of light which mediate that force, have no rest mass.

    This is misleading because fields mediate forces, not particles; it’s the W and Z fields that are the mediators for the weak nuclear force, just as the electromagnetic field is the mediator for the electromagnetic force. (When people speak of forces as due to exchange of “virtual particles” — which aren’t particles — they’re using fancy math language for a simple idea from first-year undergraduate physics.)

    Then things get worse, because it is stated that

    • The connection between the W and Z bosons’ rest mass and the short range of the weak nuclear force is that
      • the force is created by the exchange of virtual W and Z bosons, and
      • due to the quantum uncertainty principle, these virtual particles with mass can’t live as long and/or travel as far as virtual photons can, shortening their range.

    This is completely off-base. In fact, quantum physics plays no role in why the weak nuclear force is weak and short-range. (It plays a big role in why the strong nuclear force is strong and short-range, but that’s a tale for another day.)

    I’ve explained the real story in a new webpage that I’ve added to my site; it has a non-technical explanation, and then some first-year college math for those who want to see it. It’s gotten some preliminary comments that have helped me improve it, but I’m sure it could be even better, and I’d be happy to get your comments, suggestions, questions and critiques if you have any.

    [P.S. — if you try but are unable to leave a comment on that page, please leave one here and tell me what went wrong; and if you try but are unable to leave a comment here too for some reason, please send me a message to let me know.]

    Picture of POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    ON January 10, 2025

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    The Standard Model More Deeply: The Magic Angle Nailed Down

    In a previous post, I showed you that the Standard Model, armed with its special angle θw of approximately 30 degrees, does a pretty good job of predicting a whole host of processes in the Standard Model. I focused attention on the decays of the Z boson, but there were many more processes mentioned in the bonus section of that post.

    But the predictions aren’t perfect. They’re not enough to convince a scientist that the Standard Model might be the whole story. So today let’s bring these predictions into better focus.

    (more…)
    Picture of POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    ON December 19, 2024

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    Science Book of The Year (!?!)

    Well, gosh… what nice news as 2024 comes to a close… My book has received a ringing endorsement from Ethan Siegel, the science writer and Ph.D. astrophysicist who hosts the well-known, award-winning blog “Starts with a Bang“. Siegel’s one of the most reliable and prolific science writers around — he writes for BigThink and has published in Forbes, among others — and it’s a real honor to read what he’s written about Waves in an Impossible Sea.

    His brief review serves as an introduction to an interview that he conducted with me recently, which I think many of you will enjoy. We discussed science — the nature of particles/wavicles, the Higgs force, the fabric (if there is one) of the universe, and the staying power of the idea of supersymmetry among many theoretical physicists — and science writing, including novel approaches to science communication that I used in the book.

    If you’re a fan of this blog or of the book, please consider sharing his review on social media (as well as the Wall Street Journal’s opinion.) The book has sold well this year, but I am hoping that in 2025 it will reach an even broader range of people who seek a better understanding of the cosmos, both in the large and in the small.

    Picture of POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    ON December 17, 2024

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    Public Talk at the University of Michigan Dec 5th

    This week I’ll be at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and I’ll be giving a public talk for a general audience at 4 pm on Thursday, December 5th. If you are in the area, please attend! And if you know someone at the University of Michigan or in the Ann Arbor area who might be interested, please let them know. (For physicists: I’ll also be giving an expert-level seminar at the Physics Department the following day.)

    Here are the logistical details:

    The Quantum Cosmos and Our Place Within It

    Thursday, December 5, 2024, 4:00-5:00 PM ; Rackham Graduate School , 4th Floor Amphitheatre

    Click to enlarge map

    When we step outside to contemplate the night sky, we often imagine ourselves isolated and adrift in a vast cavern of empty space—but is it so? Modern physics views the universe as more full than empty. Over the past century, this unfamiliar idea has emerged from a surprising partnership of exotic concepts: quantum physics and Einstein’s relativity. In this talk I’ll illustrate how this partnership provides the foundation for every aspect of human experience, including the existence of subatomic particles (and the effect of the so-called “Higgs field”), the peaceful nature of our journey through the cosmos, and the solidity of the ground beneath our feet.

    Picture of POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    ON December 2, 2024

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    Celebrating the Standard Model: The Magic Angle

    Particle physicists describe how elementary particles behave using a set of equations called their “Standard Model.” How did they become so confident that a set of math formulas, ones that can be compactly summarized on a coffee cup, can describe so much of nature?

    My previous “Celebrations of the Standard Model” (you can find the full set here) have included the stories of how we know the strengths of the forces, the number of types (“flavors” and “colors”) and the electric charges of the quarks, and the structures of protons and neutrons, among others. Along the way I explained how W bosons, the electrically charged particles involved in the weak nuclear force, quickly decay (i.e. disintegrate into other particles). But I haven’t yet explained how their cousin, the electrically-neutral Z boson, decays. That story brings us to a central feature of the Standard Model.

    Here’s the big picture. There’s a super-important number that plays a central role in the Standard Model. It’s a sort of angle (in a sense that will become clearer in Figs. 2 and 3 below), and is called θw or θweak. Through the action of the Higgs field on the particles, this one number determines many things, including

    • the relative masses of the W and Z bosons
    • the relative lifetimes of the W and Z bosons
    • the relative probabilities for Z bosons to decay to one type of particle versus another
    • the relative rates to produce different types of particles in scattering of electrons and positrons at very high energies
    • the relative rates for processes involving scattering neutrinos off atoms at very low energies
    • asymmetries in weak nuclear processes (ones that would be symmetric in corresponding electromagnetic processes)

    and many others.

    This is an enormously ambitious claim! When I began my graduate studies in 1988, we didn’t know if all these predictions would work out. But as the data from experiments came in during the 1990s and beyond, it became clear that every single one of them matched the data quite well. There were — and still are — no exceptions. And that’s why particle physicists became convinced that the Standard Model’s equations are by far the best they’ve ever found.

    (more…)
    Picture of POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    ON November 20, 2024

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    Speaking at Brown University Nov 18th

    Just a brief note, in a very busy period, to alert those in the Providence, RI area that I’ll be giving a colloquium talk at the Brown University Physics Department on Monday November 18th at 4pm. Such talks are open to the public, but are geared toward people who’ve had at least one full year of physics somewhere in their education. The title is “Exploring The Foundations of our Quantum Cosmos”. Here’s a summary of what I intend to talk about:

    The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 marked a major milestone in our understanding of the universe, and a watershed for particle physics as a discipline. What’s known about particles and fields now forms a nearly complete short story, an astonishing, counterintuitive tale of relativity and quantum physics. But it sits within a larger narrative that is riddled with unanswered questions, suggesting numerous avenues of future research into the nature of spacetime and its many fields. I’ll discuss both the science and the challenges of accurately conveying its lessons to other scientists, to students, and to the wider public.

    Picture of POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    POSTED BY Matt Strassler

    ON November 15, 2024

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